BIRCH
BIRCH
Birch
(white)
German
: Rauhbirke, Weißbirke;
English
:
Birch
.
Sheet.
The
birch
tree, whose bark of white
silver
crack over time,
has
flowers with stamen filaments estamíneos bífidos, unisexual with an
ovarian
bilocular, ready Monoecius, forming long amentos hanging. The result is an achene surrounded two membranous wings.
Source
.
This genre - taxonomy is debatable, is typical of the temperate northern hemisphere. B. alba,
a
species
common
in the forests of sunny sandy soil of northern and southern Europe, is also in the Asian subarctic and temperate zone.
Chemical composition.
It
was
pretty well known the composition of the road:
vitamin C
, carotene, acids, phenols, glucoside 3, 4 ' - dihydroxy propiofenona, Rose and, above all, and flavonoids derived from the metabolism terpénicos: monoterpenes, triterpenes, poliprenoles.
• Flavonoids.
The St
. John's wort (3 galactosides in quercetol) is the largest compound (2 - 3%) of total flavonoids, which are concentrated primarily on the upper epidermis. Is accompanied by other heterósidos of flavonols: rutoside, and other quercitrósido Ramnäs, arabinose and galactose of quercetol, kenferol and miricetol, as well as traces of heterósidos of flavones.
• Glycosides monoterpenes:
betulalbósidos, derived from hidroxilinaloles.
• triterpenes. Tetracíclicos compounds derived from damarano, have
a
side chain unsaturated or cyclic and are polihidroxilados: betulafoliendiol, triol - tetrol. It
has
also revealed the presence of derivatives bawdy: betulinol acid, betulin.
Pharmacological data.
The leaves have
a
recognized property diuretic,
but
the pharmacological data are generally very old.
German
researchers have shown that the drug spray, and to
a
lesser extent, the total flavonoid fraction, causing the dog - in - an increase of diuresis. In 1988, Rau Schilcher and clearly showed the role of this drug in the renal elimination of water and electrolytes.
The
birch
sap (contains mainly sugars) administered per os to the rat, is weakly diuretic and prevents the formation of
urinary
calculi.
Observations on the Man.
According Decaux, Winternitz found the diuretic properties of the leaves of
birch
(1897) for the treatment of edema cardiorrenal
home
. Other observations of the same type were carried out by Decaux. Leclerc said that the drug would be useful in the treatment of
rheumatic
disorders
and gotosas.
Cellulite on their action would lead to
a
"destruction of the nodules fibro - conjunctive. ".
Employment.
French law recognizing the leaf
birch
therapeutic indications follows: "traditionally authorized to facilitate the
functions
of digestive and
kidney
removal. "
A
review of literature highlights the indications due to its diuretic
activity
. Tests of acute and subacute toxicity by the oral route have not revealed any toxic effects in animals (2. 6 g / kg, 300 and 900 mg / kg / day, dust criomolido of drugs, rat, per os)
They are also used other parts of the
birch
:
• buds. Its composition differs little from the flavonoids in the leaves. It contains an
essential
oil rich in hydrocarbons and alcohols Sesquiterpenes. It is used as
a
diuretic and
rheumatic
disorders
.
• The bark. This part of the tree is very rich in triterpenes bawdy (betulinol, lupeol, and lupandiol - triol acid, betulin. and suberina which is
a
polymer whose constituent monomers are acids? Hydroxyl of C16 - C24. It also contains tannins, Betula, allantoin and, like the leaf, is used as
a
diuretic. It is also hypotensive and healing.
The drug.
The leaves are harvested preferably in late
spring
. The blade (3 - 7 x 2 - 4 cm) forms
a
rounded lozenge (young leaf) or
a
triangle very rounded at the base (old sheet) The leaves, glabrous, pointy, long petiolated, with finely toothed edges, presented in the lower face
a
very strong network of nerves anastomosed. The drug powder contains
calcium
oxalate crystals, polygonal epidermal cells and glands containing
a
brown
as
a
shield. To identify the main flavonoids, the French Pharmacopoeia advises the analysis of an ethanol extract CFR (thin layer chromatography) In addition, you can make
a
HPLC (high performance
liquid
chromatography)
Bibliography.
S. M. WALTERS, Betulaceae. In:
Flora
Europaea,
T
. G. Tutin, V.
H
. Heywood, N.
A
. BURGOS,
D
. M. MOORE,
D
.
H
. VALENTINE, S. M. WALTERS and
D
.
A
. WEBB, eds. Cambridge University Press, vol. 1,
p
. 58, 1964.
M. TISSUT and
P
. RAVANEL.
Repartition des flavonols dans l'épaisseur des feuilles few plants vasculaire.
Phytochemistry, 19, 2077 - 2081, 1980.
L. Pawlowska.
Flavonoids in the leaves of Polish species of the genus Betula L. 1 - Flavonoids of B. pendula Roth and B. obscura Kot. leaves.
Acta Soc. Bot. Pol. 49, 281 - 296, 1980.
K
. DALLENBACH - Tolko, S. NYIREDY, G.
A
. GROSS and O. Stich.
Flavonoid glycosides from Betula pubescens and Betula pendula.
J. Nat. Prod. 49, 1155 - 1156, 1986.
K
. DALLENBACH - Tolko, S. NYIREDY, B. MEIER and O. STICHERHPLC - Analyze Flavonoidglykoside aus der Betulae
folium
.
Planta Med
. 53, 189 - 192, 1987.
A
. MULKENS.
Les hétérosides monoterpéniques non iridoïdes.
Pharm. Acta Helv. 62, 229 - 235, 1987.
B. VON BORKOWSKI.
Diuretische Wirkung einige Flavondrogen.
Planta Med
. 8, 95 - 104, 1960.
G. GARNIER, L. BEZANGER - BEAUQUESNE and G. DEBRAUX.
Medicinal Resources of the Flore Française, Paris, Vigot, 1961.
E
. Racza - KOTTILA, I. Formanek and G. Racza.
Action diurétique prévention et de la formation des calculs of urinaires of certain plant preparations.
Plantes Méd. Phytother. 7, 250 - 254, 1973.
R. Hiltunen, L. VÄISÄNEN,
K
. Fors and M. Von Schantz.
Identification of the main compounds in the bud oil of
birch
(Betula pubescens Ehrh. By Gas Chromatography - mass spectrometry and chemical reactions.
Acta Pharm. Fenn. 92. 137 - 143, 1983.
R. Ekman.
The suberin monomers and triterpenoids from the outer bark of B. verrucosa Ehrh.
Holzforschung, 37, 205 - 211, 1983.
K
. DALLENBACH - Tolko, S. NYIREDY and O. Stich.
Birkenblätter - Qualität:
Vergleich der Einzel - und Gesamtbestimmungsmethoden von der Flavonoidglykosid
folium
Betulae.
Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg. 127, 1167 - 1171, 1987.
H
. Schilcher and
H
. RAU.
Nachweis der aquaretischen Wirkung von und Birkenbätter - Goldrutenkrautauszügen im Tierversuch.
Urologist, 28, 274 - 280, 1988.
F
.
C
. CZIGAN.
Betula pendula - Die Birke.
Z. für Phytother. 10, 135 - 139, 1989.
BIRCHTREE
, toxicological dossier
Laboratories
Arkopharma
.
Diseases
whose treatment is appropriate in this plant.
Premenstrual syndrome
.
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