GINGER
GINGER
Ginger
; al. Ingwe, Ingberwurzel;
English
.
Ginger
(root)
Rhizome.
Herbaceous plant with
a
rhizome simpodial,
ginger
has
envainantes leaves and flowers zigomorfas grouped in the form of thick spikes. The perianth, bicíclico and trimer, surrounding
a
androecium reduced to
a
single fertile stamen and
a
"labellum" and
a
gynoecium tricarpelado eusincarpo.
Source
.
It is not known their presence in spontaneously. Its
origin
is uncertain: China? India? It is grown abundantly in India, Malaysia, China,
Sierra
Leone, Nigeria and Australia. Once harvested it is left to air dry (do not peel)
Chemical composition.
The most abundant component is the starch (60%) The smell is due to an
essential
oil and
flavor
to
a
resin.
•
Essential
oil. Its composition
has
attracted much work. Its content varies from 1 to 2. 5%, having identified nearly
a
hundred components. The most typical are hydrocarbons, especially Sesquiterpenes:
a
- zingibereno, ß - sesquifelandreno and (ar - curcumeno, in addition to ß - phellandrene, ß - Bisabolene, canfeno, etc. The oxygenates are primarily aldehydes (geranial, neral) and
alcohol
monoterpenes. The composition varies widely depending on the
origin
.
• Resin. The principles "spicy" from the rhizomes are compounds counterparts in overall structure 1 - 4' - hydroxy - 3' - methoxy -
phenyl
) 5 - hydroxy - 3 - Onas reached: the gingeroles (550] 552] 554] and [556] gingeroles) n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10 (o [x] = (n + 2) = number of carbons in aldehyde consisting of retroaldolización) Appear accompanied by their precursors biogenetic (dehidrogingerdionas and gingerdionas) gingerdioles and their esters, traces of diarilheptanoides [548b] The sogaoles, products of
dehydration
(
A
- 4, 5) are not on the rhizome as fresh.
Pharmacological data.
Its pharmacological properties are manifested at the
gastro
-
intestinal
tract:
Ginger
is colagogo, the acetone extract (not the aqueous extract) increases bile secretion in rat (via ip) The division shows that the - gingerol leads to
a
dose of 100 mg / kg, twice the secretion. The oleoresin is hypercholesterolemic rat. It is also hepatoprotective, preventing the cytotoxicity of
carbon
tetrachloride or the galactosamina cultures of rat hepatocytes: the [552] gingerol and [551] and [552] sogaoles are the most active compounds [552]
Administered in rats shows antiulcer exert an effect: the acetone extract (1 g / kg per os) and zingibereno (100 mg / kg) significantly inhibit the induction of ulcers by an ethanol solution of hydrochloric acid. In addition, it
has
been revealed an inhibitory effect on gastric movementand proteolytic
activity
.
On the other hand, the drug inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandinsand platelet aggregation. The - gingerol and [550] sogaol are active on the SNC (anticonvulsants, analgesics and blood pressure are also. bradicardizantes [556] The drug antagonized the deep emesis caused by chemotherapeutic agents in animal managed to fight
cancer
caused experimentally.
Observations on the Man.
In the kinetic treatment of dizziness in
a
study conducted according to
a
strict protocol versus placebo, demonstrating the utility Rizoma pulverized in the prevention of dizziness caused by the
travel
. The intake of 940 mg of powdered drugs, 20 - 25 minutes before the test (rotating chair) produces excellent results in the prevention of nausea and
gastrointestinal
symptoms.
Employment.
Ginger
is
a
spice very consumed:
Ginger
Gray (coated) white
ginger
(uncoated, scraper) prepared
ginger
(preserved) in syrup, crystallized. It is part of the composition of beverages, sauces, desserts. The food industry uses the resinoids, obtained from the rhizomes, as flavoring. Since long ago, is enrolled in the Pharmacopoeias india and china. It
was
introduced in Europe as "stimulating aromatic" and "estomáquico": Some pharmacopoeias retain the use of the tincture of
ginger
. It is used to prevent nausea caused by
travel
and vomiting induced by chemotherapy.
In Spain authorizing the use of this plant for the digestions difficult. Lack of appetite. Dizziness. Protector of the gastric mucosa.
The drug.
The rhizome, recorded in several pharmacopoeias foreign branches in
a
single plane. The outer surface may be gray, rough, wrinkled lengthwise and marked with rings clearly visible (
ginger
gray) or smooth, light
yellow
(white
ginger
) His cross
was
revealed fibrous and granular. The microscope reveals
a
amilífero cortical parenchyma with oleoresin cells and do liberoleñosos collateral.
Its importance in food
has
made it the subject of testing standards. As regards the analysis of the components, the classic study of its
essential
oil is made using CG, while the whole of its components is done via the usual chromatographic techniques.
Bibliography.
J. W. PURSEGLOVE,
e
. g.
BROWN
,
C
. L. GREEN and R. J. ROBBINS.
Ginger
. In: Spices, London, Longman, vol. 2, Chapter 8,
p
. 447 - 531, 1981.
B. M. LAWRENCE Progress in
essential
oils:
Ginger
oil.
Perfume.
Flavor
. 13, 8 - 9) 69 - 75, 1988.
O. Ekundayo, I. Laakso and R. Hiltunen.
Composition of
ginger
(Zingiber officinale Roscoe) volatile oils from Nigeria.
Flavor
and fragance Journal, 3, 85 - 90, 1988.
a
)
P
. DENNIFF, I. MACLEOD and
D
.
A
. Whiting.
Studies in the BioSynthesis of - gingerol, pungent principle of
ginger
(Zingiber officinale)
JCS, Perkin I, 2637 - 2644, 1980; id. Ibid. 82 - 87, 1981.
b)
D
. J. HARVEY.
Gas chromatographic and mass Specter (
a
)
P
. DENNIFF, I. MACLEOD and
D
.
A
. Whiting.
Studies in the BioSynthesis of - gingerol, pungent principle of
ginger
(Zingiber officinale)
J.
J. YAMAHA,
K
. MIKI,
T
. CHISAKA,
T
. Sawada,
H
. Fujimura,
T
. TOMIMATSU,
K
. NAKANO and
T
. NOHARA.
Cholagogic effect of
ginger
and its active constituents.
J. of Ethnopharmacology, 13, 217 - 225, 1985.
J. Giri,
T
.
K
. S. DEVI and S. MEERARANI.
Effect of
ginger
on serum
cholesterol
levels.
Ind. J. Nutr. Diet. 21, 433 - 436, 1984.
H
. HIKINO, Y. Kiso, N. KATO, Y. Hamada,
T
. SHIOIRI, R. AIYAMA,
H
. Itokawa,
F
. KIUCHI and
U
. SANKAWA.
Antihepatotoxic actions of gingerols and diarylheptanoids.
J. of Ethnopharmacology, 14, 31 - 39, 1985.
J. YAMAHA, M. Mochizuki,
H
. Q. RONG,
H
. And
H
. MATSUDA FUJIRAMA.
The anti
- ulcer effect in rats of
ginger
constituents.
J. of Ethnopharmacology, 23, 299 - 304, 1988.
F
. KIUCHI, M. SHIBUYA and
U
. SANKAWA.
Inhibitors of prostaglandin BioSynthesis from
ginger
.
Chem. Pharm. Bull. 30, 754 - 757, 1982.
K
.
C
. SRIVASTAVA.
Isolation and effects of some
ginger
components on platelet aggregation and eicosanoid BioSynthesis.
Prontaglandins Leukotrienes and Medicine, 25, 187 - 198, 1986.
a
) N. Shoji,
A
. IWAS,
T
. Takemoto, Y. Ishida and Y. OHIZUMI.
Cardiotonic principles of
ginger
(Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
J. Pharm. Sci. 71, 1174 - 1175, 1982.
b) M. SUEKAWA,
A
. ISHIGE,
K
. Yuasa,
K
. SUDO, M. Abura and
E
. Hosoya.
Pharmacological st (
a
) N. Shoji,
A
. IWAS,
T
. Takemoto, Y. Ishida and Y. OHIZUMI.
Cardiotonic principles of
ginger
(Zingiber officinale Roscoe)
J. Pharm. Sci. 71, 1174 - 1175, 1982.
b) M. SUEKAWA,
A
. ISHIGE,
K
.
D
. B. MOWREY and S.
D
. Clayson.
Motion sickness
,
ginger
, and psychophysics.
Lancet, 1, 655 - 657, 1982; see also:
A
. GRONTVED and
E
. Hentz,
Vertigo
- reducing effect of
ginger
root,
a
controlled clinical study. ENT, 48, 282 - 286, 1986. EspasmolítD. B on the action. MOWREY and S.
D
. Clayson.
Motion sickness
,
ginger
, and psychophysics.
Lancet, 1, 655 - 657, 1982; see also:
A
. GRONTVED and
E
. Hentz,
Vertigo
- reducing effect of
ginger
root, to control.
V. S. GOVINDARAJAN.
Ginger
. Chemistry,
technology
and quality evaluation.
C
. R.
C
. Crit. Rev. Food. Sci. Nutr. 17, I) 1 - 98, II) 189 - 253, 1982.
E
. STEINEGGER and
K
. Stucki.
Trennung und der Hauptscharfstoffe quantitative Bestimmung von Zingiberis rhizoma mittels kombinierter DC / HPLC.
Pharm. Acta Helv. 57, 66 - 71, 1982.
Y. B. LEE.
D
. J. SEHNERT and
C
. R. Ashmore.
Tenderisation of meat with Giger rhizome protease.
J. Food Sci. 51, 1558 - 1559, 1986.
Diseases
whose treatment is appropriate in this plant.
Aerophagia
.
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