ARTICHOKE
CYNARA SCOLYMUS L.
ARTICHOKE
CYNARA SCOLYMUS L.
Artichoke
common
German
: Artischoke;
English
: globe
artichoke
.
Sheet.
Perennial plant with leaves no larger thorny, divided into segments lobed: those of the base are pennatipartidas and at the top
almost
whole. The flowers, tubular, are located on
a
fleshy receptacle surrounded by fleshy bracts at the base, unfinished tip.
Source
.
Unknown status in
spontaneous
, the
artichoke
is the fruit resulting from the selection and
development
of the cardoon,
C
. cardunculus L. Other species, interfertile with
thistle
are also ancestral forms of
C
. scolymus (eg
C
. syriaca Boiss.
Chemical composition.
Have been isolated twenty components:
triterpenes and sterols, guayanólidos (cinaropicrina derivatives and similar variables as the geographical
origin
) flavonoids (derived glucosyl and ramnoglucósidos of luteolol. The active components are acids and alcohols, esters, acids phenols.
Acids, alcohols.
The sheet focuses malic acid (800 mg / 100 g of dry drug) and Succinic acid, lactic, fumaric, Glycerides, citric, glycolic. It also contains acid - hidroximetilacrílico in
a
free form.
Polyphenols.
Next to caféico acid (acid (
E
) 3, 4 - dihidroxicinámico) are esters: cinarina 1. 3 diester caféico acid and acid quínico, chlorogenic acid, monocafeato in 3 acid quínico, neoclorogénico acid. The phenolic compounds, whose content varies depending on the variety, the kind of sheets and the
period
of vegetative cycle - are concentrated in the leaf blade containing 7. 2 g / kg compared to 0. 52 g / kg in the petiole.
Pharmacological data.
The properties traditionally attributed to the road are manifested at the
liver
.
Effects colerética.
The cinarina administered to rats with
a
probe, shows, compared with the effects caused by equimoleculares dose of
sodium
dehidrocolato,
a
very clear both on the bile flow on the excretion of
cholesterol
. The chlorogenic acid produces the same effects. Other experiments on rats to which it provoked
a
hipocoleresis or hipercoleresis, anfocolerética show that the
activity
of the drug is due to
a
mixture of alcohols, acids. There
has
also been the
activity
of different extracts reduce
cholesterol
levels in rats administered [149] As it
has
found the hepatoprotective
activity
of the extract of the mixture of acids and alcohols to acid - hidroximetilacrílico, regarding the toxicity of ethanol [144, 148] the cinarina also reveals effective in isolated rat hepatocytes, compared to CCl4.
A
former study, confirmed by Mortier [148]
has
shown increased diuresis obtained with an aqueous extract of the drug.
Observations on man.
In men, cinarina exerts
a
recognized colerética action, while serving on the Elimination of fecal bile acids. In one trial versus placebo, the cinarina causes
a
decrease in
cholesterol
and lipoproteins. Despite the fact that many authors have shown the effect of
cholesterol
- 3. 6 to 22% to daily doses which range from 60 mg and 1. 5 g - this effect
has
not been proven hyperlipoproteinemia in patients with type IIa and b. In some cases, the significant decrease (41%) of
cholesterol
[and Hammwerl al. 1973] could be due, to some extent, the associated regime [154] The decrease noted in the
triglyceride
level is usually around 20% [154]
Employment.
The
artichoke
is widely used for many centuries, remains
a
very colerética drug investigation. Apparently devoid of toxicity (LD50 butanol extract: 0. 8 g / kg, rat, ip; LD50 of an extract 46% of chlorogenic acid: 2 g / kg, rat, per os) drugs and their preparations (extracts, Dyes, dyes
mother
, capsules,
tea
- very -
bitter
, suspension of the fresh plant. constitute an
essential
element in the
herbal
medicine. This is due to its ownership of "favoring the
functions
of digestive and renal elimination. " They are listed in the symptomatic treatment of digestive
disorders
dyspeptic: epigastric bloating, nausea,
aerophagia
,
flatulence
. In Spain authorizing the use of this plant for Hepatobiliary
disorders
,
hyperlipidemia
and
hypercholesterolemia
. Constipation. Edema. Detoxifying.
Precautions.
Is contraindicated in periods of lactation. In case of
gallstones
does not extend much treatment.
The drug.
Artichoke
leaf reaches 50 cm in height. The top surface of the blade is gray - green, white bottom, covered with pelillos and traveled by nerviaciones marked. Observed under
a
microscope, introduced three kinds of hair TECTOR. The most numerous are
a
short walk and
a
cell terminal that is shaped like
a
long and winding fiber. The thin - layer chromatography, performed with an
alcoholic
macerate, reveals the presence of chlorogenic acid and its esters, as well as 7 - glucosil luteolol. All these compounds can be measured by high performance
liquid
chromatography.
Bibliography.
C
. FOURY.
Quelques aspects de l'histoire des variétés d'artichaut Cynara scolymus L.
J. Agric. Trad. Bot. Appl. 25, 25 - 50, 1978. See also:
D
. ZOHARY and J. BASNIZKY, The cultivated
artichoke
.
Cynara scolymus, Its probable wild Ancestors, Econ. Bot. 29, 223 - 235, 1975.
E
. BOMBARDELLI, B. GABETTA and
E
. M. Martinelli.
Gas
Liquid
Chromatography and mass spectrometric.
Cynara scolymus L. investigation on Phytotherapy, 48, 143 - 152, 1977.
S. I. EL - NEGOUMY, N.
H
. EL - SAYED and N.
A
. M. SALEH.
Flavonoid glycosides of Cynara scolymus.
Phytotherapy, 58, 178 - 180, 1987.
J.
P
. BOGAERT.
Contribution à l'étude de l'acide hydroxetméthylacrylique and various other
organic
acids associated dans l'artichaut.
Doctoral Thesis of at Pharmacie, Paris, 1973.
I. HORMA, R. BADOUD and W. AMMANN.
Food related application of one - and two - dimentional high - resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance: structure and conformation of Cynarina.
J. Agric. Food. Chem. 32, 538 - 540, 1984.
V. LATTANZIO and I. MORON.
Variations of the content of orthodiphenol Cynara scolymus L. plant during the growing seasons.
Experientia, 35, 993 - 994, 1979.
P
. Preziosi and
P
. LOSCALZO.
Pharmacological properties of 1 - 4 dicafeylquinic acid, the active principle of Cynara scolymus L.
Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn. 117, 63 - 80, 1958.
F
. MORTI.
De l'intérêt Thérapeutiques of certain
organic
acids aliphatiques constituants of various drugs hepatorenal et à reputation especially scolymus L. Cynara.
Doctoral Thesis of at Pharmacie, Nancy, 1972.
A
. LIETTI.
Choleretic and
cholesterol
lowering properties of two
artichoke
extracts.
Phytotherapy, 48, 153 - 158, 1977.
T
. ADZET, J. CAMARASA and J.
C
. LAGUNA.
Hepatoprotective
activity
of polyphenolic compounds from Cynara scolymus against CCI4 toxicity in isolated rat Hepatocyte. J. Nat. Prod. 50, 612 - 617, 1987.
M. Montini,
P
. LEVONI,
A
. Ongaro and G. PAGANI.
Kontrollierte Anwendung von Cynarina in der Behandlung hyperlipämischer
Syndrome
.
Arzneim. Forsch. 25, 5637 - 5640, 1979.
a
) G. ADAM & R. KLUTH.
Cholesterinsenkender Effekt von Cynarina.
Therapiewoche, 29, 5637 - 5640, 1979.
b)
H
. PRISTAUTZ.
Cynarina in der modern Hyperlipidämielbehandlung.
Wien. med. Wschr. 125, 705 - 709, 1975.
H
. HECKERS,
K
. Dittmar,
F
. W. SCHMAHL and
K
. Huth.
Inefficiency of Cynarina as therapeutic regimen in familial type II hyperlipoproteinaemia.
Atherosclerosis
, 26, 249 - 253, 1977.
W. SCHEFFLER and W. SCHWARTZKOPFF.
Frequently used lipid - lowering drugs having no guaranteed effects.
Artery, 8, 120 - 127, 1980.
T
. ADZET and M. PUIGMACIA.
High - Performance
Liquid
Chromatography of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives of Cynara scolymus L. leaves. J. Chromatogr. 348) 447 - 453, 1985.
Diseases
whose treatment is appropriate in this plant.
Hyperlipidemia
.
Migraine
.
Dyskinesias bile.
Viral Hepatitis
.
Alcoholic cirrhosis
.
Liver
failure
.
Gallstones
.
Hypercholesterolemia
.
Hypertriglyceridemia
.
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