MARY CARDO
SILYBUM MARIANUM (L) GAERTN
MARY CARDO
SILYBUM MARIANUM (L) GAERTN
Cardo
Mary,
Cardo
borriquero,
Cardo
suckling,
Cardo
stained; al. Mariendistel, Frauendistel; Eng. Milk
thistle
.
Fruit.
Plant large chapters with solitary terminal florets surrounded by
a
purple
bracts of external involvement thorny. The
thistle
- marie
has
hairless leaves, spiny - toothed, in limbo winding and undulating, with nerviaciones white marble.
Source
.
Bisanual This species grows on barren land, dry and rocky Southern Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia. It can also be found in South
America
(
Argentina
) from which
a
portion of the drug used.
Chemical composition.
The fruits, rich in oil (20 to 30%) with
a
high content of unsaturated fatty acids, also contain proteins, sugars and poliínos. The active compounds are very particular about cromanonas: flavanolignanos the assembly of which bears the name of silimarina.
The main flavanolignanos come from the cicloadición
a
fenilpropánico
alcohol
to
a
2 -
phenyl
cromanona (ie
a
2, 3 - dihydro flavonols, the taxofolina) The result is
a
benzodioxano or oxatriciclodeceno, the rest
has
a
structure dihydrobenzofuran.
• Benzodioxanos:
silibina (this is
a
mixture diasteroisomérica)
• Oxatriciclodecenos:
silidianina,
• dihydrobenzofuran:
silicristina, isosilicristina.
In the variety of white flowers, are devoid of derivatives in hydroxyl 3: silandrina (= 3 - desoxiisosilibina) silimonina (= 3 - desoxisilidianina) silihermina (3 - deoxy - silicristina) and neosiliherminas. Other varieties have
a
quite similar, considering the existence of chemotype.
Pharmacological data.
The many papers publishedhave corroborated his reputation in the field of
liver
ailments.
The hepatoprotective
activity
of the silimarina
has
been demonstrated in
hepatic
lesions of experimental animals in isolated organ and, more recently, in cultures of
liver
cells.
The silimarina antagonized the toxic action of CCl4 (
carbon
tetrachloride) on the
liver
parenchyma, in
a
way that prevents the elongation of the sleeping time caused by hexobarbital. It also opposes the poisoning galactosamina, tioacetamida, N - acetyl -
p
- aminophenol, praseodina.
The silimarina administered to mice (iv, 15 mg / kg) an hour before an injection of faloidina (ip, 3 mg / kg) it protects the animals by 100%. Injected after toxic, significantly reduces mortality,
but
the protection becomes weaker as time goes by lengthening of the administration.
The
activity
appears to be linked to
a
stabilization of membranewell, it is
thought
that in case of poisoning faloidina, there could be an interaction with the sites involved in the capture of toxic. It may also be because there is
a
strong analogy between the structural silibina and antamanida,
natural
antagonist of the amanitina. The silimarina is an antioxidant with
a
high power antiperoxidante [508, 509th, b] with
liver
tropism whose action could oppose the destruction of the lipid membrane of hepatocytes.
Observations on the Man.
It is difficult to assess the effectiveness of the drug in the field of
liver
diseases
: this no doubt explains the large number of essays silimarina made with both in outpatient and in hospital. The criteria for evaluating the efficacy are manifold:
liver
volume,
weight
,
development
of jaundice, edema. and Routine
liver
scan. Some authors state criteria favorable in the treatment of
cirrhosis
. It seems that the silimarina accelerates the return to normalcy in case of viral
hepatitis
not complicated, however, in case of
chronic
hepatitis
,
has
a
very limited effectiveness.
Employment.
The use of silimarina and preparations Galenical of
thistle
marie is advised in the treatment of functional
gastrointestinal
disorders
caused by
hepatitis
, especially of viral
origin
. The phytotherapeutic advise the use of
thistle
marie in the states of congestive
chronic
liver
and digestive
function
. Often, the
cardo
Mary is associated to
a
"sinking"
liver
.
Toxicology tests acute and subacute in rats showed that the powder criomolturado is devoid of toxicity. The flavanolignanos are not toxic: doses of 20 g / kg silimarina (per you) do not cause abnormalities in mice, with the LD50 (iv) of this compound, 1 g / kg for mice and 900 mg / kg rat. There have been no signs of
chronic
toxicity (rat, 5 months, 0. 1 g / day, per os)
In Spain authorizing the use of this plant for the treatment of functional
gastrointestinal
disorders
of
liver
origin
.
Precautions.
Have not been described in spite of having been subjected to
a
prolonged and constant experimentation.
The drug.
The achenes - similar to the
sunflower
- are black, rough, topped by
a
crown of flowers that rest takes the form of
a
scale of cylindrical
yellow
color. The section
has
a
waxy consistency in appearance, not taste or smell. The trial of the drug may include observation under the microscope of the drug spray,
a
study by thin layer chromatography (developer of difenilborato aminoethanol) of flavanolignanos extracted with methanol and an assessment by colorimetric reaction of these with the 2. 4 - dinitro Phenylhydrazine. You can also place
a
high - performance
liquid
chromatography.
Bibliography.
B. S. El - TAHAWI, s. n. DERAZ, Inc. El - KOUDOSY and
F
. M. El - SHOUNY.
Chemical studies on Silybum marianum (L. Gaertn. wild - growing in Egypt. I. Oil and sterols.
Fats and Oils, 38, 93 - 97, 1987.
H
. WAGNER.
Antihepatotoxic flavonoids. In:
Plant flavonoids in biology and medicine: biochemical, pharmacological and structure -
activity
relationships, V. Cody,
E
. MIDDLETON and J. B. Harborne, eds. New York, Alan R. Liss,
P
. 545 - 558, 1986.
M. Fiebig and
H
. WAGNER.
Neue antihepatotoxisch wirksame. Flavonolignane aus einer weißblühenden Silybum - Varietät.
Planta Med
. 50, 310 - 313, 1984.
A
.
H
. MERICLI.
Flavonolignans, kaempferol 3 - sulphate and other flavonoids from Silybum marinum subsp. anatolicum.
Planta Med
. 54, 44 - 45, 1988.
T
. ADZET, M. R. COLL, J. CHURCHES and M. PUIGMACIA.
Selection and Improvment of Silybum marianum. I. Characterization of populations from different origins.
Plant Physiol. Biochem. 25, 129 - 135, 1987.
H
. WAGNER Plant constituents with antihepatotoxic
activity
. In:
Natural
products as medicinal agents, J. L. Beal and
E
. REINHARD, eds. Stuttgart, Hippocrates - Verlag,
p
. 217 - 242, 1981.
G. VOGEL.
A
peculiarity among the flavonoids -
a
compound silymarin
activated
on the
liver
. In: Proceedings of the
international
symposium bioflavonoids, 1981. L. FARKAS,
F
. Kallay, M. GABOR and
H
. WAGNER, eds. Amsterdam, Elsevier,
p
. 461 - 474, 1982.
M. GABOR.
The pharmacology of benzopyrone derivatives and related compounds, Budapest, Akadémiai Kiadó, 1988.
H
. HIKINO, Y. Kiso,
H
. And M. WAGNER Fiebig.
H
. HIKINO, Y. Kiso,
H
. And M. WAGNER Fiebig.
Planta Med
. 50, 248 - 250, 1984.
a
) R. Meißen,
U
. HEINRICH,
H
. ROBENEK and
H
. THEMANN.
Effect of silybinin on
hepatic
cell membranes after damage by polycyclic
aromatic
hydrocarbons.
Agents and Actions, 12, 254 - 257, 1982.
b) G. VOGEL, B. TUCHWEBER, W. Trost and
U
. Mengs.
Protection by s (
a
) R. Meißen,
U
. HEINRICH,
H
. ROBENEK and
H
. THEMANN.
Effect of silybinin on
hepatic
cell membranes after damage by.
H
. Lott, G. ROHR and Th. WIELAND.
Conformation of - antamanide crystallized from methanol / water.
Naturwissenschaften, 71, 46 - 47, 1984.
A
. VALENZUELA,
C
. LAGOS,
K
. Schimidt and L.
A
. VIDELA.
Silymarin protection against
hepatic
lipid peroxidation induced by acute ethanol Intoxication in the Rat.
Biochem. Pharmacol. 34, 2209 - 2212, 1985.
a
)
A
. VALENZUELA, R. WAR and L.
A
. VIDELA.
Antioxidant properties of the flavonoids silybin and (cyanidanol - 3: comparison with BUTYLATED hydroxyanisole and BUTYLATED hydroxytoluene.
Planta Med
. 52, 438 - 440, 1986.
b) R. CAMPOS,
A
. GARRIDO, R. GU (
a
)
A
. VALENZUELA, R. WAR and L.
A
. VIDELA.
Antioxidant properties of the flavonoids silybin and (cyanidanol - 3: comparison with BUTYLATED BUTYLATED hydroxyanisole and hydro.
M. FREY, Inc. MÜLLER - Lissner, G. Munster,
K
. STUBY and
A
. L. BLUM.
Hepatology.
Méd. et Hyp. 40, 31 - 34, 1982.
M. PINKAS.
A
propos du Chardon - Marie.
Phytotherapy, 7) 5 - 7, 1983.
Cardo
Mary dossier toxicological
Laboratories
Arkopharma
.
Diseases
whose treatment is appropriate in this plant.
Viral Hepatitis
.
Alcoholic cirrhosis
.
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