GINKGO

GINKGO

Tree forty shields; Allem. Mädchen Haar Baum; English. Maiden hair tree.

Sheet.

Sacred tree of the East, the ginkgo (or better, gin - kyo) is dioecious: male reproductive tract reduced to a sack Polino, female reproductive tract peculiar that, after fertilization by sperm (zoidogamia) gives an egg consistency and drupácea unpleasant odor. The leaves in the form of a range of bright green, are inserted into long petioles emerging from the leaf sheath on the stem, hold significant nerviación.

Source.

The ginkgo is the last representative of a class of plants that formed part of the flora in Mesozoic times. Cultivated for centuries in the temples of the Far East, is also found in other countries as ornamental trees in parks and avenues. In his home country reaches a height of 30 - 40 meters and its branches form a broad crown. The Ginkgoales, disappeared after the upper Pliocene, the only remaining G. biloba. The species is grown for the pharmaceutical industry in Korea, Japan and southwestern France.

Chemical composition.

Many compounds have been identified in the road: dare, alcohols and fatty acids, polyols, sterols, sequiterpenos acid, 6 - hydroxy - kinurénico.

The compounds with pharmacological activity are terpenes and polyphenols.

• Terpenes. Have been isolated in addition to a Sesquiterpenes (bilobalido) diterpenos biogenetics from a cation pimaradienil: ginkgólidos A, B, C, M, J. These molecules have a very peculiar structure: 3 cycles lactones and a nucleus tetrahydrofuran attached to a spiro nonane replaced by a t - butyl, that structure defines a cavity with strong electron density.

• Polyphenols. They are mainly flavonoids. Biflavonas 3'8: bilobetol and its derivative methoxyl in 5 minutes, ginkgetol, esciadopitisina, amentoflavona. Glucoramnósidos in flavonol 3: kenferol, isorramnetol, siringetol, 7 - glucosil kenferol and 3 - glucosil quercetol. It is also noted the presence of glucorramnósidos in quercetol and 3 of krenferol esterified at 6 " (eg on glucose) by the acid cumare (= p - hydroxy (E) Cinnamic) and triósidos. The extract also contains acetone proantocianidoles: oligomers flavonols that danlugar to delfinidol and cianidol.

Pharmacological data.

The animal experimentation demonstrates, in preparations enriched in flavonoids, an activity at all levels of the circulatory system.

Vasodilatadora action at the arterial (action on the smooth muscle fiber) increased venous tone, decreased capillary permeability, increased irrigation brain, demonstrated on different models of ischemia, hypoxia and experimental cerebral edema. The effects are manifested both on the peripheral vascular disorders such as its impact on neurological and behavioral.

The ginkgo increases the glucose content and ATP nervous tissue, increasing tolerance to hypoxia. Collectors of free radicals, the polyphenols of G. biloba inhibit lipid peroxidation of membranesThis has also been demonstrated in rat retina. Ginkgo also inhibits platelet aggregation, stimulates the release of prostacyclin.

The ginkgólido B is an inhibitor of PAF - acetic phosphorus intercellular mediator involved in platelet aggregation, thrombus formation, the initial process of atherogenesis, the hiperpermeabilidad capillary. These properties contain interesting clinical prospects for this type of molecules, particularly as an adjuvant in therapeutic antiasmáticas.

Observations on the Man.

Have been published dozens of clinical trials (most made a double - blind) Through these studies have demonstrated the activity of ginkgo brain and peripheral levels. Of them, we can highlight their ability to produce a protective effect against hypoxia, significant increase in wakefulness in the elderly with poor behavior (in prolonged treatment) improving memory, improving disorders functional (headache, dizziness. and behavior (short - term memory, mood instability, vigil. in case of cerebral vascular insufficiency [251, 252]

Employment.

The chronic toxicity of the extract is void: There are no changes in rat Biological histological or after prolonged administration (30 to 60 mg / kg / day, per os) The D. L. 50 (mouse, I. P. is 1. 65 g / kg. The side effects observed in humans are extremely rare: minor digestive disorders. Criomolturados extracts are currently used to treat the symptoms associated with cerebral vascular insufficiency, trastronos behavior of the elderly (mood, memory. peripheral vascular disorders of the microcirculation, syndromes of vertigo, is also prescribed in case of veno - lymphatic insufficiency and proctología.

In Spain authorizing the use of this plant for peripheral vascular disorders (phlebitis, varicose veins and hemorrhoids) Behavioral disorders in the elderly. Etiology of organic brain deficiencies. Dizziness.

The drug.

The leaves of ginkgo is polymorphous: it can be very divided, bilobulada or nearly full. On consists of peciolo two beams weaving drivers who fall into the top of this and also in limbo as a dichotomous way, giving the drug a stripe (on both sides) very characteristic. The analytical study of the extracts was conducted by HPLC.

Bibliography.

C. G. NASR.

Etude du original chemical substances of Ginkgo biloba L. Ginkgoacées) Dérivés flavoniques (hétérosides - esters) and quinoléiques carboxyliques. Essais pharmacologiques préliminaires.

Doctoral Thesis of de l'Universite, mention Sciences, Lois Pasteur University, Strasbourg, 1987.

P. BRAQUET.

The ginkgolides: potent platelet - activating factor antagonists isolated from Ginkgo biloba L. Chemistry, pharmacology and clinical applications.

Drugs of the Future, 12, 643 - 699, 1987.

K. WEINGES, M. HEPP and H. JAGGY.

Isolierung und Stukturaufklärung eines neuen Ginkgolids.

Liebigs Ann. Chem. 521 - 526, 1987.

M. JOLY, M. HAAG - BERURIER and R. ANTON.

The 5' - méthoxybilobétine, joins biflavone extrait du Ginkgo biloba L.

Phytochemistry, 19, 1999 - 2002, 1980.

C. VICTOIRE, M. HAAG - BERRURIER, A. LOBSTEIN - GUTH, J. P. BALZO and R. ANTON.

Isolation of flavonol glycosides from ginkgo biloba leaves.

Planta Med. 54, 245 - 247, 1988.

C. NASR, A. LOBSTEIN - GUTH, M. HAAG - BERRURIER and R. ANTON.

Quercetin coumaroyl glucorhamnoside from Ginkgo biloba.

Phytochemistry, 26, 2869 - 2870, 1987.

J. Totta and A. J. VLIETINCK.

Produits et Phytothérapeutique system cardiovasculaire.

J. Pharm. Belg. 41, 330 - 361, 1983.

H. Schilcher.

Ginkgo biloba L. Untersuchungen zur Qualität, Wirkung, Wirsamkeit und Unbedenlichkeit.

Z. für Phytother. 9, 119 - 127, 1988.

For different aspects of the clinical pharmacology and of these extracts, see several articles collected in a special issue de la presse Médicale.

Presse Méd. 15, 31) 1986.

M. DOLY, P. BRAQUET, M. T. DROY, B. BONHOMME and J. C. VENNAT.

Effects of free radicaux sur l'activité électrophysiologique of the retina isolée of Rat.

J. Fr. Ophtalmol. 8, 273 - 277, 1985.

K. Schaffler and P. W. Reehan.

Doppelblindie zur Wirkung hypoxieprotektiven eines standardized ginkgo biloba - Präparates nach Mehrfachverabreichung an Gesunde Probanden.

Arzneim. Forsch. 35, 1283 - 1286, 1985.

B. GEBNER, A. VOELP and M. KLASSEN.

Study of the long - term action of a Ginkgo biloba extract on vigilance and mental performance as determined by means of quantitative EEG and Pharmaco - Psychometric measurements.

Arzneim - Forsch. 35, 1459 - 1465, 1985.

F. ECKMANN and H. Schlag.

Kontrollierte Doppelblind - Studie zum Wirksamkeittsnachweis von Tebonin, forte bei Partienten mit zerebrovaskulärer Insuffizienz Fortsch. Med. 100, 1474 - 1478, 1982.

G. VORBERG.

Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) a long - term study of chronic cerebral insufficiency in geriatric patients Clinical trials J. 22, 149 - 156, 1985.

Diseases whose treatment is appropriate in this plant.

Cerebral circulatory failure.

Non - insulin dependent diabetes.

Iinsuficiencia venous.

Osteoarthritis.

Arthritis.

Muscle cramps.

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