ONAGRA
ONAGRA
Onagra
, Herb's ass; al. Nachtkerze;
English
. Evening primrose.
Seed (oil)
This plant bisanual recognized by their large flowers pentacyclic, tetramer with notched petals,
yellow
stamens with obdiplostémonos with gynoecium tetralocular that leads to
a
housing loculicida that contains many seeds exalbuminadas.
Source
.
The genre is originally from North
America
,
but
different species have colonized the coastal areas, estuaries and many other areas of light and sandy soils. The
onagra
come from crops, particularly in the UK, for seed production.
Chemical composition.
Onagra
seed contains about 15%
protein
, 24% oil, 40% fiber (cellulose and lignin) and lecithins. The mineral residue contains
a
high concentration of
calcium
. The main interest of this drug lies in its oil rich in
essential
fatty acids called (AGE) as its lack causes numerous
disorders
.
The main oil fatty acids are as follows (media content) palmitic acid (7 - 10%) stearic acid (1, 5 - 3, 5%) oleic acid (6 - 11%) linoleic acid (65 - 80%) acid? Linolenic acid (8 - 14 %) The content of unsaponifiable (<2%) varies little with regard to the
cotton
seed oil (mainly ß - sitosterol and citrostadienol) O. biennis is not the kind that produces more quantity of acid? linolenic acid, and even some species do not contain. The acid? Linolenic acid (= acid octadeca - 6, 9, 12 - trienóico) is an acid C18 with three double bonds in Z configuration, followed as
a
matter diénico - 1, 4, which at times
was
appointed in Publications in physiology, under the name of C18: 3 (n - 6) "family? 6")
In younger men, the acid? Linolenic acid is formed by the delta - 6 - desaturasa (
A
- 6D) from linoleic acid produced by the food; the broker is obligated to acid - di - homo? Linolenic acidand arachidonic (the latter also is part brought on by food: eggs,
liver
)
Pharmacological data.
It is known that
A
. G.
E
. are precursors of eicosanoid (prostaglandin, thromboxane, leukotrienes) and components of the phospholipids in the cell membrane to ensure its smooth thanks to the curvature of the molecule "poly - cis. " The gap in
A
. G.
E
. is accompanied by skin
disorders
(eczematous lesions,
erythema
) growth retardation, hipoagregabilidad platelet, altering the synthesis of PGE1. It is also estimated that some factors reduce the
activity
of the
A
- 6 - desaturasa:
liver
failure
, hipoinsulinemia, senescence, dietary imbalances,
alcoholism
, malnutrition, etc. If the contribution of linoleic acid in the daily
ration
is
essential
, the acid? Linolenic allowed to act as
a
short circuit in the ceiling which is the stage in 6 desaturation, make - acid via di - homo? Linolenic - the immediate precursor of PGE1 and thus avoid the imbalance PgE1 / PgE2 (since the latter continue to be synthesized in part from exogenous arachidonic acid) which would result in imbalance in certain manifestations observed in case of shortage AGE.
Observations on the Man.
There have been several clinical studies, which are certainly limited, others in the face of double - blind placebo in order to realize the interests of the Evening primrose oil in many pathologies. The results are excellent in the treatment of
premenstrual
syndromeand
breast
pain (identical to the effect of bromocriptine) Other tests have also shown, the interest of the Evening primrose oil in
sclerosis
,
schizophrenia
[434]
atopic
eczema [435, 436]
rheumatoid arthritis
[437] and even in
diabetic
neuropathy
[438]
As the acid? Linolenic acid can be absorbed through percutaneous (Wepierre) have proposed
a
number of dermatological applications. The safety of the overdose of polyunsaturated fatty áciácidos (easily peroxidase) without making
a
concomitant of antioxidants,
has
yet to be proven.
Employment.
The Evening primrose oil is part of the composition of many
cosmetic
products. It is also in the form of capsules. These formulas are used to treat
diseases
associated with lack of unsaturated fatty acids:
premenstrual syndrome
,
atopic
eczema, skin aging. Some authors propose the use of Evening primrose oil in the treatment of
multiple
sclerosis
or
schizophrenia
.
The drug.
The control of seed
onagra
is that of all drugs with oil. The oil content can be assessed by extraction with hexane and gravimetry. The physical findings (relative density, refractive index, viscosity) and chemical (acidity levels of
iodine
, Froth, peroxide) can be supplemented by quantitative assessment of the unsaponifiable and investigation of forgery. The analysis of the
A
. G. it is very easy through
C
. G. GC) of methyl esters, this same technique, if necessary,
a
detailed analysis of unsaponifiable. The use of
C
.
C
.
F
. thin layer chromatography) plates soaked in
silver
nitrate, the GC (gas chromatography) and the HPLC (high performance
liquid
chromatography) to identify and assess the
triglyceride
oil.
Bibliography.
A
. LACOMBE. O. QUENOT.
P
. GRIGNAC, J. GRAILLE, M.
PINA
and
P
. GARNIER.
Tentative de production d'acide gamma - linolénique par la culture de l'Onagre (Oenothera genre)
Oléagineux, 40, 35 - 40, 1985.
B. J.
F
. HUDSON.
Evening primrose (Oenothera spp. Oil and seed.
J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc. 61, 540 - 543, 1984.
J. PACCALIN,
H
. DABADIE, M. BERNERD,
F
. Mendy,
D
. Spielmann and N. Delhaye.
Intérêt d'une nouvelle plant oilcrops:
l'Onagre (Oenothera biennis or lamarckiana) Input in acid and gamma - linolénique troubles in the désaturation pathologie.
Méd. et Nutr. J. PACCALIN,
H
. DA.
M.
PINA
, J. GRAILLE,
P
. GRIGNAC,
A
. LACOMBE, O. QUENOT and
P
. GARNIER.
Recherche d'Oenothera acid rich in gamma - linolénique.
Oléagineux, 39, 593 - 596, 1984.
H
. PACCALIN,
F
. Mendy, M. BERNARD, N. Delhaye and
D
. Spielmann.
Redécouverte d'une plant oilcrops:
l'Oenothera biennis. Intérêt de l'acide gamma - linolénique in
nutrition
.
Bull. Acad. Nat. Méd. 167, 923 - 931, 1983.
H
. BECKER.
Das Öl der Nachtkerze Oenothera biennis, therapeutisch und eine Quelle diätetish interesting Fettsäuren.
Z. für Phytother, 4, 531 - 536, 1983.
J. PUOLAKKA, L. MÄKÄRÄINEN, L. VIINIKKA and O. YLIKORKALA.
Biochemical and clinical effects of treating the
premenstrual
syndrome
with prostaglandin synthesis precursors.
J. Reprod. Med. 30, 149 - 153, 1985.
D
.
F
. Horrobin.
The role of
essential
fatty acids and prostaglandins in the
premenstrual
syndrome
.
J. Reprod. Med. 28, 465 - 468, 1983.
J.
K
. Pye, R.
E
. MANSEL and L.
E
. HUGHES.
Clinical experience of drug treatments for mastalgia Lancet, 2, 373 - 377, 1985.
D
.
F
. Horrobin and M. S. MANKU.
Essential
fatty acids in clinical medicine.
Nutrition
and
Health
, 2, 127 - 134, 1983.
A
. SOULAIRAC,
H
. LAMBINET and J.
C
. NEUMAN.
Schizophrenia
and prostaglandins: Thérapeutiques effects of precursors for their synthesis of sous forme d'huile d'Onagre (Oenothera)
Ann. Med. Psychol. 141, 883 - 891, 1983.
M. S. MANKU,
D
.
F
. Horrobin, N. L. MORSE, S. WRIGHT and J. L. BURTON.
Essential
fatty acids in the plasma phospholipids of patients with
atopic
eczema.
Br. J. Dermatology, 110, 643 - 648, 1984.
S. WRIGHT and J. L. BURTON.
Oral evening - primrose seed oil Improves
atopic
eczema.
Lancet, 2, 1120 - 1122, 1982.
J. J.
F
. Belcher et al.
Effects of altering dietary
essential
fatty acids on requirements for non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs in patients with
rheumatoid
arthritis
:
a
double blind placebo controlled study.
Annals of
Rheumatic
Diseases
, 47, 96 - 104, 198J.
G.
A
. JAMAL
H
. CARMMICHAEL. Ä. Ï. Ó Wier.
Gamma linolenic acid in
diabetic
neuropathy
.
Lancet, 1098, 1986.
Diseases
whose treatment is appropriate in this plant.
Menopause
.
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